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Waste Management & Research
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Bottom ash from sludge cake as a barrier material to pollutant migration in landfills

Remigius Egwuonwu Okoli

Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54006 Thessaloniki, Greece

George Balafoutas

Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54006 Thessaloniki, Greece

Treated urban sewage sludge, which had been dewatered and dried in an open bed, was locally burnt in an open drum and bottom ashes were formed. This work investigated whether these bottom ashes of dried sludge cakes (SCbash)' produced by local labour and equipment, could be used as landfill covers or liners, a function normally served by clay. Laboratory tests were performed to determine the particle size distribution, Atterberg limits, compaction characteristics, hydraulic conductivity and shear strength parameters of the sludge cake. The effects of desiccation and freeze-thaw processes on the hydraulic conductivity of SCbash were also examined. It was found that properly compacted and stabilized SCbash has the requisite properties for use as landfill covers or liners. The SCbash can be compacted into a dense mass with a low hydraulic conductivity of the order of 1.15 X 10 -7 m s-1 (as a comparison, the hydraulic conductivity of compacted clay is around 10-9 m s-1). The compacted SCbash also showed good defence against the increases in hydraulic conductivity caused by desiccation and freeze-thaw processes compared with the data reported for compacted clays. The compacted SCbash also has a greater shear strength than is typically expected of compacted clay and therefore is likely to remain stable on a typical landfill slope design based on the shear strength of clay.

Key Words: alternative cover • liner materials • bottom ash • compaction • desiccation • freeze-thaw • hydraulic conductivity • mass burning • shear strength • sludge • sludge cake

Waste Management & Research, Vol. 17, No. 4, 288-295 (1999)
DOI: 10.1177/0734242X9901700405
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