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Waste Management & Research, Vol. 20, No. 2, 150-161 (2002)

Microbial risk assessment of source-separated urine used in agriculture

Caroline Hoglund

Department of Water and Environmental Microbiology, Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, SE-171 82 Solna, Sweden

Thor Axel Stenstrom

Department of Water and Environmental Microbiology, Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, SE-171 82 Solna, Sweden

Nicholas Ashbolt

School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia

A screening-level quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) was undertaken for a urine separating sewerage system. Exposures evaluated included the handling of stored and unstored urine as well as consumption of crops fertilised with urine. Faecal cross-contamination was the source of risk and Campylobacter jejuni, Cryptosporidium parvum and rotavirus were the organisms chosen to represent different groups of enteric pathogens. Accidental ingestion of unstored urine implied a high risk (Pinf = 0.56) for infection from rotavirus whereas the risks for infection from bacteria and protozoa were approximately 1:10 000. After six months storage at 20°C the risk for viral infections by accidental ingestion of 1 ml of urine was <10-3, the suggested acceptable risk benchmark. Ingestion of crops contaminated with urine resulted in risks of <10-5 after a 3-week (<10-7 after 4 weeks) withholding period between fertilising and harvesting

Key Words: Urine separation • risk assessment • QMRA • enteric pathogens • crop fertiliser • Campylobacter jejuni • Cryptosporidiumn parvum • rotavirus • wmr 472-3


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