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Land Disposal of Mixed Human and Animal Wastes: A Review

Department of Food Microbiology and Toxicology (Food Research Institute) University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.A., American Society for Microbiology, 1913 I Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20006, U.S.A.

Dean O. Cliver

Department of Food Microbiology and Toxicology (Food Research Institute) University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.A.

James C. Converse

Department of Agricultural Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.A.

Combining septic tank effluent and animal wastes (mixed wastes) for eventual application to land is being proposed as an alternative wastewater disposal system. Both types of waste are spread on land separately, and private practice may be to mix and spread them together, but in most of the United States mixing of these wastes for land disposal is illegal. No research has been done to assess the hazards associated with spreading mixed wastes on land. The concern is with the impact on public health of adding septic tank effluent to animal wastes for disposal as animal wastes. The effects of pathogens already present in animal waste are presumably allowed for in current U.S. regulations.

Pathogens in mixed wastes include viruses, bacteria and parasites. Viruses are not always present in on-site waste disposal systems, but when present are in high numbers. Most viral particles will pass through the septic tank and will remain viable. Transmission will be prevented if these particles are retained in soil or other solids until any of several factors deprive them of infectivity. As animals are the chief reservoir of most enteric bacteria that are pathogenic to man, no additional hazards from bacteria are expected in a mixed waste system. Some parasite eggs and cysts will settle into the bottom of the septic tank, but significant numbers will pass through and will remain viable. Retention with solids will minimize transmission through food and water. In all instances it is important to match land use and waste disposal carefully.

Key Words: septic tank eflluent • wastewater • on-site waste disposal • fecal pathogens • human enteric viruses • environmental virology • parasites • bacteria • U.S.A.

Waste Management & Research, Vol. 7, No. 1, 121-134 (1989)
DOI: 10.1177/0734242X8900700117


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