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Treatment of Organic-Contaminated Industrial Wastes Using Cement-Based Stabilization/Solidification— I. Microstructural Analysis of Cement-Organic Interactions

Imperial College Centre for Toxic Waste Management, Imperial College of Science, Technology & Medicine, London, U.K.

C.J. Sollars

Imperial College Centre for Toxic Waste Management, Imperial College of Science, Technology & Medicine, London, U.K.

R. Perry

Imperial College Centre for Toxic Waste Management, Imperial College of Science, Technology & Medicine, London, U.K.

S.E. Tarling

Industrial Materials Group, Crystallography Department, Birkbeck College, London, U.K.

P. Barnes

Industrial Materials Group, Crystallography Department, Birkbeck College, London, U.K.

E. Henderson

Industrial Materials Group, Crystallography Department, Birkbeck College, London, U.K.

The major deficiencies in cement-based stabilization/solidification (S/S) processes are their inability to treat inorganic wastes contaminated with organic material or organic wastes. In general, organic compounds are poorly retained in a cement matrix and frequently have a detrimental, poorly understood, effect upon cement hydration and strength development. These interactions need to be understood as fully as possible, however, if S/S processes are to be developed in ways which will assure the long-term integrity of the resultant products.

The work presented in this paper investigates some fundamental aspects of the interactions of two organic compounds, 3-chlorophenol and chloronaphthalene, with a cement matrix. Phenolic compounds have previously been shown to have a detrimental effect upon the macrostructural properties of ordinary Portland cement (OPC), for example, the strength, setting rate and leachability (Montgomery et al. 1988). Microstructural studies in this work have shown that 3-chlorophenol inhibits the hydration of tricalcium silicate (C₃S in cement chemists' notation), with up to 90% of the C₃S remaining after 28 days for highly dosed 3-chlorophenol/OPC samples. The formation of ettringite was found to be increased by the presence of 3-chlorophenol and its conversion to monosulphate inhibited. Scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) analysis of the samples showed that 3-chlorophenol crystallized in the cement matrix to form discrete crystals containing calcium and phenol. In contrast, chloronaphthalene had no observable effect on hydration reactions. In a subsequent paper, detailed studies will be presented showing how these deleterious effects can be minimized by the use of organophilic clays as a pre-solidification adsorbent.

Key Words: Cement-based solidification • phenols • microstructural analysis

Waste Management & Research, Vol. 9, No. 1, 103-111 (1991)
DOI: 10.1177/0734242X9100900115


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