Advanced Search

Journal Navigation

Journal Home

Subscriptions

Archive

Contact Us

Table of Contents

Sign In to gain access to subscriptions and/or personal tools.
Waste Management & Research
This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Free Full Text (Free PDF) Free
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Add to Saved Citations
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowRequest Permissions
Right arrow Request Reprints
Right arrow Add to My Marked Citations
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Right arrow Citing Articles via Scopus
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Hamidi Abdul Aziz
Right arrow Articles by Mohd Nordin Adlan
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Hamidi Abdul Aziz,
Right arrow Articles by Mohd Nordin Adlan,
Right arrowPubmed/NCBI databases
*Compound via MeSH
*Substance via MeSH
Hazardous Substances DB
*ALUMINUM SULFATE
*ALUM, POTASSIUM
*FERRIC CHLORIDE
*FERROUS SULFATE
*OXYGEN
Social Bookmarking
Add to CiteULike   Add to Complore   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us   Add to Digg   Add to Reddit   Add to Technorati   Add to Twitter  
What's this?

The use of alum, ferric chloride and ferrous sulphate as coagulants in removing suspended solids, colour and COD from semi-aerobic landfill leachate at controlled pH

Hamidi Abdul Aziz

School of Civil Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia, cehamidi{at}eng.usm.my

Salina Alias

School of Civil Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia

Faridah Assari

School of Civil Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia

Mohd Nordin Adlan

School of Civil Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia

Suspended solids, colour and chemical oxygen demand (COD) are among the main pollutants in landfill leachate. Application of physical or biological processes alone is normally not sufficient to remove these constituents, especially for leachate with a lower biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)/ COD ratio. The main objective of this research was to investigate the efficiency of coagulation and flocculation processes for removing suspended solids, colour and COD from leachate produced in a semi-aerobic landfill in Penang, Malaysia. A 12-month characterization study of the leachate indicated that it had a mean annual BOD/COD ratio of 0.15 and was partially stabilized, with little further biological degradation likely to occur. Particle size analysis of the raw leachate indicated that its 50th percentile (d50) was 11.68 µm. Three types of coagulants were examined in bench scale jar test studies: aluminium sulphate (alum), ferric chloride (FeCl3) and ferrous sulphate (FeSO4). The effects of agitation speed, settling time, pH, coagulant dosages and temperature were examined. At 300 rpm of rapid mixing, 50 rpm of slow mixing, and 60 min settling time, higher removals of suspended solids (over 95%), colour (90%) and COD (43%) were achieved at pH 4 and 12. FeCl 3 was found to be superior to other coagulants tested. At pH 4 and 12, fair removal of suspended solids was observed at a reasonably low coagulant dose, i.e., 600 mg L—1; hHowever, about 2500 mg L—1 of coagulant was required to achieve good removals at pH 6. Better removals were achieved at higher temperature. The d50 of sludge after coagulation at pH 4 with a 2500 mg L —1 FeCl3 dose was 60.16 µm, which indicated that the particles had been removed effectively from the leachate. The results indicate that coagulation and flocculation processes can be used effectively in integrated semi-aerobic leachate treatment systems, especially for removing suspended solids, colour and COD.

Key Words: Leachate • semi-aerobic landfill • coagulation and flocculation • alum • ferric chloride • ferrous sulphate • wmr 999—2

References

  • Aguilar, M.I., Saez, J., Llorens, M., Soler, A., Ortuno, J.F., Meseguer, V. & Fuentes, A. (2005) Improvement of coagulation-flocculation process using anionic polyacrylamide as coagulant aid. Chemosphere, 58, 47—56.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Al-Malack, M.H., Abuzaid N.S. & El-Mubarak, A.H. (1999) Coagulation of polymeric wastewater discharged by a chemical factory. Water Research, 33, 521—529.
  • Amokrane, A., Comel, C. & Veron, J. (1997) Landfill leachates pretreatment by coagulation flocculation. Water Research, 31, 2775— 2782.
  • Apha. (1992) Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 19th edition. American Public Health Association, Washington DC.
  • Artiola, F.J. & Fuller, H.W. (1982) Humic substances in landfill leachates: I. humic acid extraction and identification. Journal of Environmental Quality, 11, 663—669.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Awwa. (1971) Water Quality and Treatment: A Handbook of Public Water Supplies, 3rd edition., McGraw-Hill, New York.
  • Aziz, H.A., Yusoff, M.S., Adlan, M.N., Adnan, N.H. & Alias, S. (2004) Physico-chemical removal f iron from semi-aerobic landfill leachate by limestone filter. Waste Management & Research, 22, 371—375.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Babcock, D.B. & Singer, P.C. (1979) Chlorination and coagulation of humic and fulvic acids. Journal of the American Water Works Association, 71, 149—152.
  • Bagchi, A. (2004) Design, Construction and Monitoring of Sanitary Landfill, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ, USA.
  • Basri, D.R.H., Mohamed, A.A.K., Aziz, H.A. & Asaari, F.A.H. (2000) The effectiveness of cockle shells in treating leachate organic pollutants. In: Proc. of the ISWA International Symposium and Exhibition On Waste Management in Asian Cities, 23—25 October 2000, Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre, Hong Kong Baptist, University, Hong Kong.
  • Blanc, F.C. & Navia, R. (1991) Treatment of diary wastewater by chemical coagulation. In: Proc. of the 45th Industrial Waste Conference, West Lafayette, IN, USA, pp. 681—689.
  • Ching H.W., Elimelech M. & Hering J.G. (1994) Dynamics of coagulation of clay particles with aluminum sulphate. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 120, 169—189.[CrossRef][Web of Science]
  • Connolly, R., Zhao, Y., Sun, G. & Allen, S. (2004) Removal of ammoniacal-nitrogen from an artificial landfill leachate in downflow reed beds. Process Biochemistry, 39, 1971—1976.
  • Diamadopoulos, E. (1994) Characterization and treatment of recirculation-stabilized leachate. Water Research, 28, 2439—2445.
  • Duan, J. & Gregory, J. (2003) Coagulation by hydrolysing metal salts. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 100—102, 475—502.[CrossRef]
  • Ehrig, H.J. (1984) Treatment of sanitary landfill leachate: Biological treatment. Waste Management & Research, 2, 131—152.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Enzminger, J.D., Robertson, D., Ahlert, R.C. & Kosson, D.S. (1987) Treatment of landfill leachates. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 14, 83—101.[CrossRef][Web of Science]
  • Hammer, M.J. & Hammer, M.J. Jr. (2005) Water and Wastewater Technology, 5th edition. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Pearson Education International, Singapore.
  • Hoilijoki, T.H., Kettunen, R.H. & Rintala, J.A. (2000) Nitrification of anaerobically pretreated municipal landfill leachate at low temperature. Water Research, 34, 1435—1446.
  • Jokela, J.P.Y., Kettunan, R.H., Sormunen, K.M. & Rintala, J.A. (2002) Biological nitrogen removal from municipal landfill leachate: low-cost nitrification in biofilters and laboratory scale in-situ denitrification. Water Research, 36, 4079—4087.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Kim, S., Park, C., Kim, T.H., Lee, J. & Kim, S.W. (2003) COD reduction and decolorization of textile effluent using a combined process. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 95, 102—105.[Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Koether M.C., Deutschman J.E. & vanLoon G.W. (1997) Low-cost polymeric aluminum coagulant. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 123, 859—864.[CrossRef][Web of Science]
  • Kreith F. (1994) Handbook of Solid Waste Management, McGraw-Hill, New York, USA.
  • Langlais, B., Reckhow, D.A. & Brink D.R. (eds) (1991) Ozone in Water Treatment: Application and Engineering. Lewis Publishers, Inc., Chelsea, MI.
  • Lin, S.H. & Peng, C.F. (1996) Continuous treatment of textile wastewater by combined coagulation, electrochemical oxidation and activated sludge. Water Research, 30, 58—592.
  • Lisk, D.J. (1991) Environmental effects of landfill. Science of the Total Environment, 100, 415—468.[CrossRef]
  • Lu X., Chen Z. & Yang X. ( 1999) Spectroscopic study of aluminum speciation in removing humic substances by Al coagulation. Water Research, 33, 3271—3280.
  • Marttinen, S.K., Kettunen, R.H., Sormunen, K.M., Soimasuo, R.M. & Rintala, J.A. (2002) Screening of physical-chemical methods for removal of organic material, nitrogen and toxicity from low strength landfill leachates. Chemosphere, 46, 851—858.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • MDC Sdn.Bhd. (1997) Laws of Malaysia-Environmental Quality Act 1974 and Regulations, 4th edition. MDC Sdn.Bhd. Kuala Lumpur.
  • Muhammad H.A.M., Abuzaid N.S. & Aarif H.A.M. (1998) Coagulation of polymeric wastewater discharged by a chemical factory. Water Research, 33, 521—529.
  • Nicolaou, M. & Hadjivassilis, I. (1992) Treatment of wastewater from the textile industry. Water Science and Technology, 25, 31—35.
  • Ozbelge, T.A., Ozbelge, O.H. & Baskaya, S.Z. (2002) Removal of phenolic compounds from rubber-textile wastewaters by physico-chemical methods. Chemical Engineering and Processing, 41, 719—730.[CrossRef][Web of Science]
  • Ramirez, I.M. & de Velásquez, M.T.O. (2004) Removal and transformation of recalcitrant organic matter from stabilized saline landfill leachates by coagulation—ozonation coupling processes. Water Research, 38, 2359—2367.
  • Rautenbach, R. & Mellis, R. (1994) Wastewater treatment by a combination of bioreactor and nanofiltration. Desalination, 95, 171—188.[CrossRef][Web of Science]
  • Rios, G., Pazos, C. & Coca, J. (1998) Destabilization of cutting oil emulsions using inorganic salts as coagulants. Colloids and suffaces. A. Physichochemical and Engineering Aspects, 138, 383—389.[CrossRef]
  • Selcuk, H. (2005) Decolorization and detoxification of textile wastewater by ozonation and coagulation processes. Dyes and Pigments, 64, 217—222.[CrossRef][Web of Science]
  • Semmens, M.L. & Field, T.K. (1980) Coagulation: experiences in organics removal. Journal of the American Water Works Association, 72, 476—483.
  • Senior E. (1995) Microbiology of Landfill Sites. Lewis Publishers.
  • Sletten, R.S., Benjamin, M.M., Horng, J.J. & Ferguson, J.F. (1995): Physical-chemical treatment of landfill leachate for metals removal. Water Research, 29, 2376—2386.
  • Stegmann, R. & Ehrig, H.J. (1980) Operation and design of biological leachate treatment plants. Progress in Water Technology, 12, 919—947.
  • Stephenson R.J. & Duff S.J.B. (1996) Coagulation and precipitation of a mechanical pulping effluent: Removal of carbon, color and turbidity. Water Research, 30, 781—791.
  • Tan, B.H., Teng, T.T. & Omara, K.M. (2000) Removal of dyes and industrial dye wastes by magnesium chloride. Water Research, 34, 597—601.
  • Tatsi, A.A., Zouboulis, A.I., Matis, K.A. & Samaras, P. (2003) Coagulation-flocculation pretreatment of sanitary landfill leachates. Chemosphere, 53, 737—744.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Tchobanoglous, G., Theisen, H. & Eliassen, R. (1993) Solid Wastes: Engineering Principles and Management Issues. Irwin/McGraw Hill, Boston, USA.
  • Tebbutt, T.H.Y. (1998) Principles of Water Quality Control, 5th. Edition. ButterWorth- Heinemann, London, Oxford
  • Trebouet, D., Schlumpf, J.P., Jaouen, P. & Quemeneur, F. (2001) Stabilized landfill leachate treatment by combined physico-chemical-nanofiltration processes. Water Research, 35, 2935—2942.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Tyrrel, S.F., Leeds-Harrison, P.B. & Harrison, K.S. (2002) Removal of ammoniacal nitrogen from landfill leachate by irrigation into vegetated, treatment planes. Water Research, 36, 291—299.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • Wang, Z.P., Zhang, Z., Lin, Y.J., Deng. N.S., Tao, T. & Zhuo, K. (2002) Landfill leachate treatment by a coagulation-photooxidation process. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 95, 153—159.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

Waste Management & Research, Vol. 25, No. 6, 556-565 (2007)
DOI: 10.1177/0734242X07079876
Add to CiteULike CiteULike   Add to Complore Complore   Add to Connotea Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us Del.icio.us   Add to Digg Digg   Add to Reddit Reddit   Add to Technorati Technorati   Add to Twitter Twitter    What's this?



This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Free Full Text (Free PDF) Free
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Add to Saved Citations
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowRequest Permissions
Right arrow Request Reprints
Right arrow Add to My Marked Citations
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Right arrow Citing Articles via Scopus
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Hamidi Abdul Aziz
Right arrow Articles by Mohd Nordin Adlan
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Hamidi Abdul Aziz,
Right arrow Articles by Mohd Nordin Adlan,
Right arrowPubmed/NCBI databases
*Compound via MeSH
*Substance via MeSH
Hazardous Substances DB
*ALUMINUM SULFATE
*ALUM, POTASSIUM
*FERRIC CHLORIDE
*FERROUS SULFATE
*OXYGEN
Social Bookmarking
Add to CiteULike   Add to Complore   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us   Add to Digg   Add to Reddit   Add to Technorati   Add to Twitter  
What's this?